| 13 Al 26.982 |
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References ordered by physical form of material analysed |
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PHYSICAL FORM OF MATERIAL |
LOD / RSD |
MATRIX |
COMMENTS |
REFERENCE |
|
Solid |
1.8 - 5.7 % / 4 – 18% |
Soil |
7 Torr CO2 atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers & Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera, sample range ~15 cm (in-situ) & ~5.3 m (stand-off). Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti. |
B. Sallé, D.A. Cremers, S. Maurice, R.C. Wiens and P. Fichet. Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analyses of geological samples on Mars missions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 60, (2005), 805-815. |
396.14 / not applicable |
Solid |
7 ppm / RSD not reported |
Steel |
Argon atmosphere, surface scale layers 0.1 – 1 mm thick, double-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Paschen-Runge spectrometer with PMT detectors, Al, C, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, S, Si. |
V. Sturm, J. Vrenegor, R. Noll and M. Hemmerlin. Bulk analysis of steel samples with surface scale layers by enhanced laser ablation and LIBS analysis of C, P, S, Al, Cr, Cu. Mn and Mo. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 451-456. |
396.152 / 0th order line |
Solid |
90 ppm / Typically <10% |
Low-ash lignite |
Commercial LIBS instrument. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), multiple 0.2 m spectrometers and gated, non-intesified CCD array detectors. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Si. |
B.L. Chadwick and D. Body. Development and commercial evaluation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy chemical analysis technology in the coal power generation industry. Appl. Spectrosc., 56, (2002), 70-74. |
Not reported |
Solid |
LOD not reported / 3- 4% |
Ore |
Using TRACERTM 2100 instrument, Nd:YAG 1064 nm, 195 mJ pulse energy, 10 Hz PRF, <7 ns pulse width. Czerny-Turner spectrograph, 0.2 nm resolution, ICCD detector. Investigation of ore containing P, Al, Mg, Ca, Si. | S. Rosenwasser, G. Asimellis, B. Bromley, R. Hazlett, J. Martin, T. Pearce and A. Zigler. Development of a method for automated quantitative analysis of ores using LIBS. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 707-714. | 306.69 / not applicable |
Solid |
18 ppm, 3 ppm / RSD not reported (error 5 – 10%) |
Wood |
Single-shot and 20-shot measurements. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Echelle spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Si, Sn. |
A. Uhl, K. Loebe and L. Kreuchwig Fast analysis of wood preservers using laser Induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 795-806. |
394.403 / C (247.857) |
Solid |
2 ppm / 4 – 8% |
Starch-based flour |
Powder food samples (pelletised) in argon atmosphere at reduced pressure (0.2 – 40 Torr). Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, K. Mg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr. |
H.-H. Cho, Y.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Jo, K. Kitagawa, N. Arai and Y.-I. Lee. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for direct determination of trace elements in starch-based flours. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16, (2001), 622-627. |
396.153 / not applicable |
Solid |
60 ppm / RSD not reported |
Lignite |
Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), 0.25 m spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Si. Baseline subtracted peak area used. |
F.J. Wallis, B.L. Chadwick and R.J.S. Morrison. Analysis of lignite using laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 1231-1235. |
309.27 & 309.29 / not applicable |
Solid |
200 ppm / 10% |
UO2 |
Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Tl. (Ca, Cd, Co, Na, Zn – LOD not determined) |
P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117. |
396.1527 / not applicable |
Solid |
1 ppm / 8 – 15% |
Plant material |
Powdered leaf samples fixed on tape. Nd:YAG laser (1064nm), 0.5m spectrograph & ICCD detector. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Zn. |
Q. Sun, M. Tran, B.W. Smith and J.D. Winefordner. Direct determination of P, Al, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg and Fe in plant materials by laser-induced plasma Spectroscopy. Can. J. Anal. Sci. Spectrosc., 44, (1999), 164-170. |
308.2 |
Solid |
9 ppm / 3 – 13% |
Zinc alloy |
Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn. |
L. St-Onge, M. Sabsabi and P. Cielo. Quantitative analysis of additives in solid zinc alloys by laser-induced plasma spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, (1997), 997-1004. |
309.27 / Zn (307.59) |
Solid |
16 ppm / 3 – 13% |
Zinc alloy |
Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn. |
L. St-Onge, M. Sabsabi and P. Cielo. Quantitative analysis of additives in solid zinc alloys by laser-induced plasma spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, (1997), 997-1004. |
308.22 / Zn (307.59) |
Solid |
54 ppm, 30 ppm / RSD not stated |
Glass |
Air atmosphere at 1 and 5 Torr. TEA-CO2 laser (10.6 µm) & XeCl excimer laser (308 nm). Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Zn, Zr, Ba. |
H. Kurniawan, S. Nakajima, J.E. Batubara, M. Marpaung, M. Okamoto and K. Kagawa. Laser-induced wave plasma in glass and its application to elemental analysis. Appl. Spectrosc., 49,(1995), 1067-1072. |
396.1 / not applicable |
Solid |
130 ppm / 2 – 25% |
Al2O3 in Fe ore |
Excimer laser (λ not stated). Si, Al, Ca, Ti, Mg. |
K. Grant, G.L. Paul and J.A. O'Neill. Quantitative elemental analysis of iron ore by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 45, (1991), 701-705. |
|
Liquid |
43 mg/l (21 pg) / RSD not stated |
Water |
Microdroplets generated by electrospray ionisation needle. Nd:YAG Laser (532, 355 & 266 nm). Na, K, Al. PMT detector. |
J.-S. Huang, C.-B. Ke, L.S. Huang and K.C. Lin. The correlation between ion production and emission intensity in the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquid droplets. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, (2002), 35-48. |
396.2 / not reported |
Liquid |
Undetermined |
Fe ore slurry |
Laser type not stated, ablation energy 140 mJ per pulse, 2 Hz PRF, focussed by a 50 cm focal length lens. Correlation curves obtained for intensity ratio vs chemical analysis of sample. |
L. Barrette and S. Turmel. On-line iron-ore slurry monitoring for real-time process control of pellet making processes using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: graphitic vs. total carbon detection. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 715-723. |
396.15 / Fe (393.00) |
Liquid |
1 ppm / RSD not reported |
Water ice |
TEA-CO2 laser (9 – 11 µm) & Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Al, Na. MCA with IPDA detector. |
J.O. Caceres, J.T. Lopez, H.H. Telle and A.G. Urena. Quantitative analysis of trace metal ions in ice using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 831-838. |
Not reported / background ref. signal |
Liquid |
18 ppm / Typically 2% |
Water |
Various experimental configurations incl. water jet. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Tc, U |
O. Samek, D.C.S. Beddows, J. Kaiser, S.V. Kukhlevsky, M. Liska, H.H. Telle and J. Young. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to in situ analysis of liquid samples. Opt. Eng., 39 (2000) 2248-2262. |
396.15 / Hγ |
Liquid |
0.01 ppm / RSD not reported |
Liquid evaporated on graphite |
Ar gas atmosphere at 76 Torr. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb. |
R.L. Van der Wal, T.M. Ticich, J.R. West and P.A. Householder. Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1226-1236. |
394.4 & 396.15 / not applicable |
Liquid |
5.2 ppm / RSD not reported |
Water |
Isolated droplet sample introduction system. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Al. PMT detector. |
H.A. Archontaki and S.R. Crouch. Evaluation of an isolated droplet sample introduction system for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 42, (1988), 741-746. |
396.15 |
Liquid |
20 ppm / 4 – 8% |
Water, Organic solvents |
RSS (single pulse) & RSP (double pulse). Plasma formed within the liquid. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, B, Al. PMT detector. |
D.A. Cremers, L.J. Radziemski and T.R. Loree. Spectrochemical analysis of liquids using the laser spark. Appl. Spectrosc,. 38, (1984), 721-729. |
396.15 / not applicable |