Cadmium

48 Cd 112.411	No spectrum currently available

References ordered by physical form of material analysed

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PHYSICAL FORM OF MATERIAL	LOD / RSD	MATRIX	COMMENTS	REFERENCE	ANALYTE / MATRIX LINES λ (nm)
Solid	19 ppm, 11 ppm	ABS polymer	Nd:YAG laser (1064nm), single & double-pulse, Paschen-Runge polychromator & PM tube. Sampled in atmospheric air. Lower LOD for stationary samples. Br, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb & Sb.	M. Stepputat and R. Noll (2003). On-line detection of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in technical polymers with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Appl. Opt., 42, 6210-6220.	228.80 / zero order signal
Solid	96 ppm	ABS polymer	Nd:YAG laser (1064nm), double-pulse, Paschen-Runge polychromator & PM tube. Sampled in atmospheric air. Higher LOD for on-line (moving) samples. Br, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb & Sb.	M. Stepputat and R. Noll (2003). On-line detection of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in technical polymers with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Appl. Opt., 42, 6210-6220.	228.80 / zero order signal
Solid	6 ppm	Soil	To be added shortly	V. Lazic, R. Barbini, F. Colao, R. Fantoni and A. Palucci. Self-absorption model in quantitative laser induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements on soils and sediments. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 807-820.	228.8
Solid	1.6 ppm, 0.5 ppm / RSD not reported (error 5 – 10%)	Wood	Single-shot and 20-shot measurements. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Echelle spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Si, Sn.	A. Uhl, K. Loebe and L. Kreuchwig Fast analysis of wood preservers using laser Induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 795-806.	226.502 & 228.802 / C (247.857)
Solid	8 ppm / 5 – 10%	Starch- based flour	Powder food samples (pelletised) in argon atmosphere at reduced pressure (0.2 – 40 Torr). Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, K. Mg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr.	H.-H. Cho, Y.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Jo, K. Kitagawa, N. Arai and Y.-I. Lee. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for direct determination of trace elements in starch-based flours. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16, (2001), 622-627.	226.502 / not applicable
Solid	Undetermined	PuO₂	Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, In, Li, Mn, Sr, V. (Ca, Cd, Co, Na, - LOD not determined)	P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117.	326.1057 / not applicable
Solid	Undetermined	UO₂	Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Tl. (Ca, Cd, Co, Na, Zn – LOD not determined)	P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117.	326.1057 / not applicable
Solid	19-306 ppm		To be added shortly	G.A. Theriault, S. Bodensteiner and S.H. Lieberman. A real-time fiber-optic probe for the in-situ delineation of metals in soils. Field Anal. Chem. Technol., 2, (1998), 117-125.	508.58
Solid	30 ppm / ~15%	Soil	Q-switch Nd:YAG laser, wavelength 1064 nm, energy 120 mJ, 8-9 ns pulse length. Spectrograph resolution 0.2 nm, IPDA detector. Samples dried at 95˚C and pelletised at 1 MPa pressure.	R. Wisbrun, I. Schechter, R. Niessner, H. Schröder and K.L. Kompa. Detector for trace elemental analysis of solid environmental samples by laser plasma spectroscopy. Anal. Chem., 66, (1994), 2964-2975.	PCR using multiple lines
Surface	0.4 µg/cm² / RSD not reported	Quartz filter	Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), Czerny-Turner with IPDA & Echelle with ICCD spectrometers. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, V.	U. Panne, R.E. Neuhauser, M. Theisen, H. Fink and R. Niessner. Analysis of heavy metal aerosols on filters by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 839-850.	228.8 / not applicable
Surface	400 ng/cm² / RSD not reported	Aerosol on filter	Fibre-coupled Nd:YAG laser (532nm), Czerny-Turner spectrometer with IPDA. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, V.	R.E. Neuhauser, U. Panne and R. Niessner. Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS): a versatile tool for monitoring heavy metal aerosols. Anal. Chim. Acta, 392, (1999), 47-54.	228.8 / not applicable
Liquid	0.21 ppm / Typically 12.5%	Water	Preconcentration of metal ions using ion-exchange membrane. Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Echelle spectrometer.	N.E. Schmidt and S.R. Goode. Analysis of aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of ion exchange membranes. Appl. Spectrosc., 56, (2002), 370-374	361.1 / not applicable
Liquid	1 ppm / RSD not reported	Liquid evaporated on graphite	Ar gas atmosphere at 76 Torr. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb.	R.L. Van der Wal, T.M. Ticich, J.R. West and P.A. Householder. Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1226-1236.	214.44 / not applicable
Liquid	0.1 ppm / RSD not reported	Liquid evaporated on graphite	Ar gas atmosphere at 76 Torr. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb.	R.L. Van der Wal, T.M. Ticich, J.R. West and P.A. Householder. Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1226-1236.	226.5, 228.5 / not applicable
Liquid	500 ppm / RSD not reported	Water	Metal salts dissolved in ultra-pure water. Dye laser (500nm). 0.275m polychromator & IPDA. Ba, Ca, Cd, Li, Na & Pb.	R. Knopp, F.J. Scherbaum and J.I. Kim. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) as an analytical tool for the detection of metal ions in aqueous solution. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 355, (1996), 16-20.	361.2 / not applicable
Gas/Aerosol	60 μg/m³ / 0.6% (calculated from 1/RSD x 100%)	Aerosol in air	Sub-micron particulates, cross-flow & pneumatic-type nebulisers, standard aqueous solutions of metals, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), ICCD detector, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb	B.T. Fisher, H.A. Johnsen, S.G. Buckley and D.W. Hahn. Temporal gating for the optimization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy detection and analysis of toxic metals. Appl. Spectrosc., 55, (2001), 1312-1319.	226.50 / not applicable
Gas/Aerosol	120 μg/m³ / 1.1% (calculated from 1/RSD x 100%)	Aerosol in air	Sub-micron particulates, cross-flow & pneumatic-type nebulisers, standard aqueous solutions of metals, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), ICCD detector, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb	B.T. Fisher, H.A. Johnsen, S.G. Buckley and D.W. Hahn. Temporal gating for the optimization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy detection and analysis of toxic metals. Appl. Spectrosc., 55, (2001), 1312-1319.	228.80 / not applicable
Gas/Aerosol	5 μg/dscm	Gaseous waste effluent	Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Integrated emission line peak divided by continuous background intensity level. As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb.	S.G. Buckley, H.A. Johnsen, K.R. Hencken and D.W. Hahn. Implementation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a continuous emissions monitor for toxic metals. Waste Manage., 20, (2000), 455-462.	228.8 / not applicable
Gas/Aerosol	39 μg/acm / 12%	Gas effluent	Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), IPDA detector, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb.	H. Zhang, F.Y. Yueh and J.P. Singh. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy as a multi-metal continuous-emission monitor. Appl. Opt., 38, (1999), 1459-1466.	228.8 / not applicable
Gas/Aerosol	120 μg/acm / 18%	Gas effluent	Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), IPDA detector, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb.	H. Zhang, F.Y. Yueh and J.P. Singh. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy as a multi-metal continuous-emission monitor. Appl. Opt., 38, (1999), 1459-1466.	326.11 / not applicable
Gas/aerosol	0.019 ppm	Aerosol in air	To be added shortly	M. Essien, L.J. Radziemski and J. Sneddon. Detection of cadmium, lead, zinc in aerosols by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 3, (1988), 985-988.	228.8