Solid

0.51 ppm,
0.10 ppm

Aluminum alloy

A. Freedman, F.J. lannarilli and J.C. Wormhoudt. Aluminum alloy analysis using microchip-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 60, (2005), 1076-1082.

352.4535

Solid

90 ppm

Steel

C. Lopez-Moreno, K. Amponsah-Manager, B.W. Smith, I.B. Gornushkin, N. Omenetto, S. Palanco, J.J. Laserna and J.D. Winefordner. Quantitative analysis of low-alloy steel by microchip laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 20, (2005), 552-556.

341.42

Solid

540 ppm

Molten steel

S. Palanco, S. Conesa and J.J. Laserna. Analytical control of liquid steel in an induction melting furnace using a remote laser induced plasma spectrometer. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 462-467.

Not stated, 370-400nm region

Solid

31, 35 ppm /
RSD not reported

Steel

Argon atmosphere, surface scale layers 0.1 – 1 mm thick, double-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Paschen-Runge spectrometer with PMT detectors, Al, C, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, S, Si.

V. Sturm, J. Vrenegor, R. Noll and M. Hemmerlin. Bulk analysis of steel samples with surface scale layers by enhanced laser ablation and LIBS analysis of C, P, S, Al, Cr, Cu. Mn and Mo. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 451-456.

225.385 /
Fe (187.747)

Solid

30 ppm

Soil

F. Capitelli, F. Colao, M.R. Provenzano, R. Fantoni, G. Brunetti and N. Senesi. Determination of heavy metals in soils by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Geoderma, 106, (2002), 45-62.

300.3

Solid

30 ppm

Soil

F. Capitelli, F. Colao, M.R. Provenzano, R. Fantoni, G. Brunetti and N. Senesi. Determination of heavy metals in soils by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Geoderma, 106, (2002), 45-62.

300.3

Solid

6.8 ppm

Soil

V. Lazic, R. Barbini, F. Colao, R. Fantoni and A. Palucci. Self-absorption model in quantitative laser induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements on soils and sediments. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  56, (2001),  807-820.

231.6

Solid

8.5 ppm

Steel in air

R. Noll, H. Bette, A. Brysch, M. Kraushaar, I. Monch, L. Peter and V. Sturm. Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry - applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 637-649.

231.6

Solid

12 ppm,
224 ppm / 3.6, 14%

Synthetic silicate in 5 Torr CO₂

Material pressed into pellets prior to analysis. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Short-range (reduced atmospheric pressure) & long-range (reduced CO₂ atmosphere) single-pulse measurements. Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sr.

A.K. Knight, N.L. Scherbarth, D.A. Cremers and M.J. Ferris. Characterization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for application to space exploration. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 331-340

352.45 / not reported

Solid

6 ppm / RSD not reported

Steel

Standard steel samples probed in chamber filled with Ar at atmospheric pressure. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), configured to give triple-pulse bursts. Paschen-Runge VUV spectrometer & PM detectors. C, Cr, Mn, Ni, P, S & Si.

V. Sturm, L.  Peter and R. Noll. Steel analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in the vacuum ultraviolet. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 1275-1278.

231.60 / Fe (187.75)

Solid

50 ppm /  6.8%

Steel

Steel samples probed in Ar gas (atmospheric pressure). Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), 0.5 m Czerny-Turner spectrograph &ICCD. C, Cr, Ni & Si. Fe reference lines chosen to have similar energy levels and same degree of ionisation. Voigt line-fitting used.

C. Aragón, J.A. Aguilera and F. Penalba. Improvements in quantitative analysis of steel composition by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at atmospheric pressure. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1259-1267.

231.60 / Fe (235.12)

Solid

1-10 ppm

Aluminum

H.E. Bauer, F. Leis and K. Niemax. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry with an echelle spectrometer and intensified charge coupled device detection. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, (1998), 1815-1825.

Not reported

Solid

1-10 ppm /
RSD not reported

Aluminum

Single-shot experiments. Ar gas atmosphere at atmospheric and reduced pressures. Echelle spectrometer with ICCD, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Ti, Zn.

H.E. Bauer, F. Leis and K. Niemax. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry with an echelle spectrometer and intensified charge coupled device detection. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, (1998), 1815-1825.

351.5 nm /
Al (266.04)

Solid

64 ppm

Steel

J.A. Aguilera, C. Aragón and F. Penalba. Plasma shielding effect in laser ablation of metallic samples and its influence on LIBS analysis. Appl. Surf. Sci., 127-129, (1998), 309-314.

377.6

Solid

20 ppm

Soil

R. Wisbrun, I. Schechter, R. Niessner and K.L. Kompa. Detector for trace elemental analysis of solid environmental samples by laser plasma Spectroscopy. Anal. Chem., 66, (1994), 2964-2975.

PCR using multiple lines

Surface

0.27 µg/cm² /
RSD not reported

Quartz filter

Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), Czerny-Turner with IPDA & Echelle with ICCD spectrometers. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, V.

U. Panne, R.E. Neuhauser, M. Theisen, H. Fink and R. Niessner. Analysis of heavy metal aerosols on filters by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001),  839-850.

230.3 /
not applicable

Surface

270 ng/cm² / RSD not reported

Aerosol on filter

Fibre-coupled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), Czerny-Turner spectrometer with IPDA. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, V.

R.E. Neuhauser, U. Panne and R. Niessner. Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS): a versatile tool for monitoring heavy rnetal aerosols. Anal. Chim. Acta, 392, (1999),  47-54.

230.3 / not applicable

Liquid

0.31 ppm /
Typically 12.5%

Water

Preconcentration of metal ions using ion-exchange membrane. Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Echelle spectrometer.

N.E. Schmidt and S.R. Goode. Analysis of aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of ion exchange membranes. Appl. Spectrosc., 56, (2002), 370-374

353.0 /
not applicable

Liquid

0.01 ppm / RSD not reported

Liquid evaporated on graphite

Ar gas atmosphere at 76 Torr. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb.

R.L. Van der Wal, T.M. Ticich, J.R. West and P.A. Householder. Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1226-1236.

221-223, 229-231 /
not applicable

Liquid

18 ppm

Water

L.M. Berman and P.J. Wolf. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquids: Aqueous solutions of nickel and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Appl. Spectrosc., 52, (1998), 438-443.

341.48, 352.45, 361.94

Liquid

36.4 ppm

Water

L.M. Berman and P.J. Wolf. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquids: Aqueous solutions of nickel and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Appl. Spectrosc., 52, (1998),  438-443.

341.48, 352.45, 361.94