Solid

36 ppm

Steel

I. Radivojevic, C. Haisch, R. Niessner, S. Florek, H. Becker-Ross and U. Panne. Microanalysis by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet. Anal. Chem., 76, (2004a), 1648-1658.

177.495

Solid

4, 22 ppm /
RSD not reported

Steel

Argon atmosphere, surface scale layers 0.1 – 1 mm thick, double-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Paschen-Runge spectrometer with PMT detectors, Al, C, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, S, Si.

V. Sturm, J. Vrenegor, R. Noll and M. Hemmerlin. Bulk analysis of steel samples with surface scale layers by enhanced laser ablation and LIBS analysis of C, P, S, Al, Cr, Cu. Mn and Mo. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 451-456.

178.283
0^th order line

Solid

280 ppm /
16%

Soil

7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), vacuum spectrometer with ICCD detector, As, Br, C, Cl, P, S.

L.J. Radziemski, D.A. Cremers, K. Benelli, C. Khoo and R.D. Harris. Use of the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region for LIBS-based Martian geology and exploration. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  60, (2005), 237-248.

178.3 /
not applicable

Solid

6 ppm

Steel

M. Hemmerlin, R. Meilland, H. Falk, P. Wintzens and L. Pauleri. Application of vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced breakdown spectrometry for steel analysis-comparison with spark-optical emissions spectrometry figures of merit. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 56, (2001), 661-669.

178.287

Solid

21 ppm

Steel in air

R. Noll, H. Bette, A. Brysch, M. Kraushaar, I. Monch, L. Peter and V. Sturm. Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry - applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 637-649.

178.3

Solid

9 ppm / RSD not reported

Steel

Standard steel samples probed in chamber filled with Ar at atmospheric pressure. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), configured to give triple-pulse bursts. Paschen-Runge VUV spectrometer & PM detectors. C, Cr, Mn, Ni, P, S & Si.

V. Sturm, L.  Peter and R. Noll. Steel analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in the vacuum ultraviolet. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 1275-1278.

178.28 / Fe (187.75)

Solid

25 ppm /
8-15%

Plant material

Powdered leaf samples fixed on tape. Nd:YAG laser (1064nm), 0.5m spectrograph & ICCD detector. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Zn.

Q. Sun, M. Tran, B.W. Smith and J.D. Winefordner. Direct determination of P, Al, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg and Fe in plant materials by laser-induced plasma Spectroscopy. Can. J. Anal. Sci. Spectrosc., 44, (1999),  164-170.

213.6 / not applicable

Gas/Aerosol

1.2 ppm /
RSD not reported

Air / Aerosol

Air atmosphere at 100 – 760 Torr, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), PMT detector & gated PDA detector.  Be, Na, P, As, Hg.

L.J. Radziemski, T.R. Loree, D.A. Cremers and N.M. Hoffman. Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of aerosols. Anal. Chem., 55, (1983), 246-1252.

253.3 /
not applicable