Solid

0.2 – 0.38 % /
RSD 13 – 37%

Soil

7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers & Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera, sample range ~15 cm (in-situ) & ~5.3 m (stand-off). Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti.

B. Sallé, D.A. Cremers, S. Maurice, R.C. Wiens and P. Fichet. Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
analyses of geological samples on Mars missions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  60, (2005), 805-815.

766.49 /
not applicable

Solid

3.5 ppm, 0.7 ppm /
RSD not reported (error 5 – 10%)

Wood

Single-shot and 20-shot measurements. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Echelle spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Si, Sn.

A. Uhl, K. Loebe and L. Kreuchwig Fast analysis of wood preservers using laser
Induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  56, (2001), 795-806.

766.491 /
C (247.857)

Solid

3 ppm /
2 – 8%

Starch- based flour

Powder food samples (pelletised) in argon atmosphere at reduced pressure (0.2 – 40 Torr). Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, K. Mg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr.

H.-H. Cho, Y.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Jo, K. Kitagawa, N. Arai and Y.-I. Lee. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for direct determination of trace elements in starch-based flours. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16, (2001),  622-627.

766.490 /
not applicable

Solid

190 ppm,
240 ppm

Glass

H. Kurniawan, S. Nakajima, J.E. Batubara, M. Marpaung, M. Okamoto and K. Kagawa. Laser-induced wave plasma in glass and its application to elemental analysis. Appl. Spectrosc., 49, (1995), 1067-1072.

766.5

Liquid

1.2 mg/l
(0.5 pg) /
RSD not reported

Water

Microdroplets generated by electrospray ionisation needle. Nd:YAG Laser (532, 355 & 266 nm). Na, K, Al. PMT detector.

J.-S. Huang, C.-B. Ke, L.S. Huang and K.C. Lin. The correlation between ion production and emission intensity in the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquid droplets. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, (2002), 35-48.

766.5 /
not reported

Liquid

4 ppm /
Typically 2%

Water

Various experimental configurations incl. water jet. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Tc, U

O. Samek, D.C.S. Beddows, J. Kaiser, S.V. Kukhlevsky, M. Liska, H.H. Telle and J. Young. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to in situ analysis of liquid samples. Opt. Eng., 39, (2000),  2248-2262.

766.49 /
H_α

Liquid

1.2 ppm /
4 – 8%

Water,
Organic solvents

RSS (single pulse) & RSP (double pulse). Plasma formed within the liquid. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, B, Al. PMT detector.

D.A. Cremers, L.J. Radziemski and T.R. Loree. Spectrochemical analysis of liquids using the laser spark. Appl. Spectrosc,. 38, (1984), 721-729.

766.49 /
not applicable