Solid

1.87 ppm,
0.14 ppm

Aluminum alloy

A. Freedman, F.J. lannarilli and J.C. Wormhoudt. Aluminum alloy analysis using microchip-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 60, (2005), 1076-1082.

288.1587

Solid

9 - 45% /
RSD 3 – 23%

Soil

7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers & Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera, sample range ~15 cm (in-situ) & ~5.3 m (stand-off). Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti.

B. Sallé, D.A. Cremers, S. Maurice, R.C. Wiens and P. Fichet. Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
analyses of geological samples on Mars missions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  60, (2005), 805-815.

288.18 /
not applicable

Solid

235-319 ppm / 7-11%

Steel

Air or Ar purge gas. Long-pulse (AO-QS) Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). (i) 0.3 m spectrograph with IPDA (ii) 1 m polychromator & PMT to allow integration of high rep. rate signals. Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni & Si.

K.Y. Yamamoto, D.A. Cremers, L.E. Foster, M.P. Davies and R.D. Harris. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy analysis of solids using a long pulse (150 ns) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Appl. Spectrosc., 59, (2005), 1082-1097.

288.16 / Fe (322.58)

Solid

200 ppm

Steel

C. Lopez-Moreno, K. Amponsah-Manager, B.W. Smith, I.B. Gornushkin, N. Omenetto, S. Palanco, J.J. Laserna and J.D. Winefordner. Quantitative analysis of low-alloy steel by microchip laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 20, (2005), 552-556.

288.16

Solid

74 ppm

Al alloy

B. Sallé, J.-L. Lacour, E. Vors, P. Fichet, S. Maurice, D.A. Cremers and R.C. Wiens. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for Mars surface analysis: capabilities at stand-off distances and detection of chlorine and sulfur elements. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 59, (2004), 1413-1422.

288.158

Solid

6.6 ppm

Steel

M.A. Ismail, H. Imam, A. Elhassan, W.T. Youniss and M.A. Harith. LIBS limit of detection and plasma parameters of some elements in two different metallic matrices. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 489-494.

288

Solid

283.9 ppm

Al

M.A. Ismail, H. Imam, A. Elhassan, W.T. Youniss and M.A. Harith. LIBS limit of detection and plasma parameters of some elements in two different metallic matrices. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 489-494.

288

Solid

14 ppm /
RSD not reported

Steel

Argon atmosphere, surface scale layers 0.1 – 1 mm thick, double-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Paschen-Runge spectrometer with PMT detectors, Al, C, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, S, Si.

V. Sturm, J. Vrenegor, R. Noll and M. Hemmerlin. Bulk analysis of steel samples with surface scale layers by enhanced laser ablation and LIBS analysis of C, P, S, Al, Cr, Cu. Mn and Mo. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004), 451-456.

251.611 /
Fe (187.747)

Solid

141 ppm,
155 ppm

Al

G.W. Rieger, M. Taschuk, Y.Y. Tsui and R. Fedosejevs. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for microanalysis using submillijoule UV laser pulses. Appl. Spectrosc., 56, (2002), 689-698.

288.2

Solid

400 ppm /
Typically <10%

Low-ash lignite

Commercial LIBS instrument. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), multiple 0.2 m spectrometers and gated, non-intesified CCD array detectors. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Si.

B.L. Chadwick and D. Body. Development and commercial evaluation of laser-induced breakdown  spectroscopy chemical  analysis  technology in  the coal  power generation industry. Appl. Spectrosc.,  56, (2002), 70-74.

Not reported

Solid

5.3 ppm, 1.0 ppm /
RSD not reported (error 5 – 10%)

Wood

Single-shot and 20-shot measurements. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Echelle spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Si, Sn.

A. Uhl, K. Loebe and L. Kreuchwig Fast analysis of wood preservers using laser
Induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  56, (2001), 795-806.

288.158 /
C (247.857)

Solid

200 ppm /
RSD not reported

Lignite

Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), 0.25 m spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Si. Baseline subtracted peak area used.

F.J. Wallis, B.L. Chadwick and R.J.S. Morrison. Analysis of lignite using laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 1231-1235.

288.16 /
not applicable

Solid

11 ppm / RSD not reported

Steel

Standard steel samples probed in chamber filled with Ar at atmospheric pressure. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), configured to give triple-pulse bursts. Paschen-Runge VUV spectrometer & PM detectors. C, Cr, Mn, Ni, P, S & Si.

V. Sturm, L.  Peter and R. Noll. Steel analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in the vacuum ultraviolet. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 1275-1278.

288.16 / Fe (187.75)

Solid

80 ppm

Steel

Steel samples probed in Ar gas (atmospheric pressure). Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), 0.5 m Czerny-Turner spectrograph &ICCD. C, Cr, Ni & Si. Fe reference lines chosen to have similar energy levels and same degree of ionisation. Voigt line-fitting used.

C. Aragón, J.A. Aguilera and F. Penalba. Improvements in quantitative analysis of steel composition by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at atmospheric pressure. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1259-1267.

288.16 / Fe (293.78)

Solid

1-10 ppm /
RSD not reported

Aluminum

Single-shot experiments. Ar gas atmosphere at atmospheric and reduced pressures. Echelle spectrometer with ICCD, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Ti, Zn.

H.E. Bauer, F. Leis and K. Niemax. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry with an echelle spectrometer and intensified charge coupled device detection. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, (1998), 1815-1825.

Si line not reported /
Al (266.04)

Solid

1190 ppm / 9.1%

Steel under water

Steel samples placed under water in sampling container with circulating & filtered water. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) with double-pulse facility. 0.5 m spectrograph & IPDA. Time-resolved images recorded using AOTF & ICCD. Cr, Cu, Mn & Si.

A.E. Pichahchy, D.A. Cremers and M.J. Ferris. Detection of metals underwater using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 52, (1997), 25-39.

288.16 / Fe (281.33)

Solid

600 ppm

Al

L. Paksy, B. Német, A. Lengyel, L. Kozma and J. Czekkel. Production control of metal alloys by laser spectroscopy of the molten metals. Part 1. Preliminary investigations. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 51, (1996), 279-290.

288.158

Solid

600 ppm

Iron

L. Paksy, B. Német, A. Lengyel, L. Kozma and J. Czekkel. Production control of metal alloys by laser spectroscopy of the molten metals. Part 1. Preliminary investigations. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 51, (1996), 279-290.

288.158

Solid

14 ppm

Al alloy

M. Sabsabi and P. Cielo. Quantitative analysis of aluminum alloys by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and plasma characterization. Appl. Spectrosc., 49, (1995), 499-507.

251.6

Solid

1500 ppm /
2 – 25%

SiO in Fe ore

Excimer laser (λ not stated). Si, Al, Ca, Ti, Mg.

K. Grant, G.L. Paul and J.A. O'Neill. Quantitative elemental analysis of iron ore by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 45, (1991), 701-705.

390.55 /
Fe (389.56)

Liquid

455

D.C.S. Beddows, O  Samek, M. Liska and H.H. Telle. Single-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of samples submerged in water using a single fibre light delivery system. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, (2002), 1461-1471.

288.16

Liquid

0.01 ppm / RSD not reported

Liquid evaporated on graphite

Ar gas atmosphere at 76 Torr. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb.

R.L. Van der Wal, T.M. Ticich, J.R. West and P.A. Householder. Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1226-1236.

288.16, 251-253 /
not applicable