Solid

70 – 600 ppm /
11 – 35%

Soil

7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers & Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera, sample range ~15 cm (in-situ) & ~5.3 m (stand-off). Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti.

B. Sallé, D.A. Cremers, S. Maurice, R.C. Wiens and P. Fichet. Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
analyses of geological samples on Mars missions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  60, (2005), 805-815.

588.97 /
not applicable

Solid

30 ppm /
Typically <10%

Low-ash lignite

Commercial LIBS instrument. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), multiple 0.2 m spectrometers and gated, non-intesified CCD array detectors. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Si.

B.L. Chadwick and D. Body. Development and commercial evaluation of laser-induced breakdown  spectroscopy chemical  analysis  technology in  the coal  power generation industry. Appl. Spectrosc.,  56, (2002), 70-74.

Not reported

Solid

< 1ppm /
RSD not reported (error 5 – 10%)

Wood

Single-shot and 20-shot measurements. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Echelle spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Si, Sn.

A. Uhl, K. Loebe and L. Kreuchwig Fast analysis of wood preservers using laser
Induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  56, (2001), 795-806.

588.995 & 330.232 /
C (247.857)

Solid

70 ppm /
RSD not reported

Lignite

Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), 0.25 m spectrometer & ICCD camera. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Si. Baseline subtracted peak area used.

F.J. Wallis, B.L. Chadwick and R.J.S. Morrison. Analysis of lignite using laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 1231-1235.

589.00 & 589.59 /
not applicable

Solid

Undetermined

PuO₂  

Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, In, Li, Mn, Sr, V.
(Ca, Cd, Co, Na, - LOD not determined)

P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117.

589.5923  /
not applicable

Solid

Undetermined

UO₂

Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Tl.
(Ca, Cd, Co, Na, Zn – LOD not determined)

P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117.

589.5923 /
not applicable

Solid

14 ppm, 18 ppm /
RSD not reported

Glass

Air atmosphere at 1 and 5 Torr. TEA-CO₂ laser (10.6 µm) & XeCl excimer laser (308 nm). Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Zn, Zr, Ba.

H. Kurniawan, S. Nakajima, J.E. Batubara, M. Marpaung, M. Okamoto and K. Kagawa. Laser-induced wave plasma in glass and its application to elemental analysis. Appl. Spectrosc., 49, (1995), 1067-1072.

589.0 /
not applicable

Liquid

0.0004 ppm / RSD not reported

Water

ArF laser (193 nm), efficient plasma formation due to resonant absorption in water. 0.5 m spectrograph & ICCD. Ba, Ca, Na & Pb.

K.M. Lo and N.H. Cheung (2002). ArF laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for part- per-billion analysis of metal ions in aqueous solutions. Appl. Spectrosc., 56, 682-688.

589.0 / not applicable

Liquid

2.5 ppm

Water

B. Charfi and M.A. Harith. Panoramic laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of water. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, (2002), 1141-1153.

588.99

Liquid

2 ppm

Water

B. Charfi and M.A. Harith. Panoramic laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of water. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, (2002), 1141-1153.

588.99

Liquid

0.6 mg/l
(0.3 pg) /
RSD not reported

Water

Microdroplets generated by electrospray ionisation needle. Nd:YAG Laser (532, 355 & 266 nm). Na, K, Al. PMT detector.

J.-S. Huang, C.-B. Ke, L.S. Huang and K.C. Lin. The correlation between ion production and emission intensity in the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquid droplets. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, (2002), 35-48.

588.99 /
not reported

Liquid

2 ppm /
RSD not reported

Water ice

TEA-CO₂ laser (9 – 11 µm) & Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Al, Na. MCA with IPDA detector.

J.O. Caceres, J.T. Lopez, H.H. Telle and A.G. Urena. Quantitative analysis of trace metal ions in ice using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 831-838.

588.99 /
background ref. signal

Liquid

0.08 ppm /
Typically 2%

Water

Various experimental configurations incl. water jet. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Tc, U

O. Samek, D.C.S. Beddows, J. Kaiser, S.V. Kukhlevsky, M. Liska, H.H. Telle and J. Young. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to in situ analysis of liquid samples. Opt. Eng., 39, (2000), 2248-2262.

588.99 /
H_α, Li (λ?)

Liquid

0.0075 ppm / RSD not reported

Water

Metal salts dissolved in ultra-pure water. Dye laser (500 nm). 0.275 m polychromator & IPDA. Ba, Ca, Cd, Li, Na & Pb.

R. Knopp, F.J. Scherbaum and J.I. Kim. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) as an analytical tool for the detection of metal ions in aqueous solution. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 355, (1996), 16-20.

589.3 / not applicable

Liquid

2.2 ppm /
RSD not reported

Water

Isolated droplet sample introduction system. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Al. PMT detector.

H.A. Archontaki and  S.R.  Crouch Evaluation  of an  isolated droplet  sample introduction system for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 42, (1988), 741-746.

589.00 /
not applicable

Liquid

0.014 ppm /
4 – 8%

Water,
Organic solvents

RSS (single pulse) & RSP (double pulse). Plasma formed within the liquid. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, B, Al. PMT detector.

D.A. Cremers, L.J. Radziemski and T.R. Loree. Spectrochemical analysis of liquids using the laser spark. Appl. Spectrosc,. 38, (1984), 721-729.

589.00 /
not applicable

Gas/aerosol

100 fg

Aerosol

J.D. Hybl, G.A. Lithgow and S.G. Buckley. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy detection and classification of biological aerosols. Appl. Spectrosc., 57, (2003), 1207-1215.

589.0

Gas/aerosol

3.3 fg / RSD not reported

Particle in air

PM10-filtered ambient air sampling system. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), 0.275 m spectrometer & ICCD array. Ca, Mg & Na.

J.E. Carranza, B.T. Fisher, G.D. Yoder and D.W. Hahn. On-line analysis of ambient air aerosols using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 56, (2001), 851-864.

589.00, 589.59 / not applicable

Gas/aerosol

5.2 ng

D.A. Cremers, F.L. Archuleta and R.J. Martinez. Evaluation of the continuous optical discharge for spectrochemical analysis. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 40, (1985), 665-679.

589.00

Gas/Aerosol

0.006 ppm /
RSD not reported

Air / Aerosol

Air atmosphere at 100 – 760 Torr, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), PMT detector & gated PDA detector.  Be, Na, P, As, Hg.

L.J. Radziemski, T.R. Loree, D.A. Cremers and N.M. Hoffman. Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of aerosols. Anal. Chem., 55, (1983), 246-1252.

588.9 /
not applicable