Solid

30 – 45 ppm /
29 – 35%

Soil

7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers & Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera, sample range ~15 cm (in-situ) & ~5.3 m (stand-off). Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti.

B. Sallé, D.A. Cremers, S. Maurice, R.C. Wiens and P. Fichet. Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
analyses of geological samples on Mars missions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  60, (2005), 805-815.

407.78 /
not applicable

Solid

0.3 ppm /
4 – 10%

Starch- based flour

Powder food samples (pelletised) in argon atmosphere at reduced pressure (0.2 – 40 Torr). Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, K. Mg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr.

H.-H. Cho, Y.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Jo, K. Kitagawa, N. Arai and Y.-I. Lee. Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for direct determination of trace elements in starch-based flours. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16, (2001), 622-627.

421.552 /
not applicable

Solid

1.2 ppm,
1.9 ppm

Synthetic silicate in 5 Torr CO₂

A.K. Knight, N.L. Scherbarth, D.A. Cremers and M.J. Ferris. Characterization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for application to space exploration. Appl. Spectrosc., 54, (2000), 331-340.

407.77

Solid

90ppm /
10%

PuO₂

Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, In, Li, Mn, Sr, V.
(Ca, Cd, Co, Na, - LOD not determined)

P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117.

407.7714 /
not applicable

Solid

130 ppm /
10%

UO₂

Nuclear fuel pellets. Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Ag, Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Tl.
(Ca, Cd, Co, Na, Zn – LOD not determined)

P. Fichet, P. Mauchien and C. Moulin. Determination of impurities in uranium and plutonium dioxides by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1111-1117.

407.7714 /
not applicable

Solid

1-10 ppm

Aluminum

H.E. Bauer, F. Leis and K. Niemax. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry with an echelle spectrometer and intensified charge coupled device detection. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, (1998), 1815-1825.

Not reported

Solid

42 ppm

Soil

K.Y. Yamamoto, D.A. Cremers, L.E. Foster and M.J. Ferris. Detection of metals in the environment using a portable laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy instrument. Appl. Spectrosc., 50, (1996), 222-233.

407.77

Solid

3.1-75 ppm / 3.4-24%

Soil

Comparison of spherical & cylindrical lenses, focal length, angle of incidence, time-resolved spectroscopy & temporal / spectral imaging. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), AOTF & ICCD, 0.5 m & 1.2 m spectrograph & IPDA. Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb & Sr.

R.A. Multari, L.E. Foster, D.A. Cremers and M.J. Ferris. Effect of sampling geometry on elemental emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 50, (1996), 1483-1499.

407.77 / Fe (407.17)

Solid

5.2-40ppm

Soil

R.A. Multari, L.E. Foster, D.A. Cremers and M.J. Ferris. Effect of sampling geometry on elemental emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 50, (1996), 1483-1499.

405.78

Surface

1.2-3.6 pg

Particles on Al

K.Y. Yamamoto, D.A. Cremers, L.E. Foster, M.P. Davies and R.D. Harris. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy analysis of solids using a long pulse (150 ns) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Appl. Spectrosc., 59, (2005), 1082-1097.

403.08/ 403.31/ 403.45

Surface

1.7-3.1 ng/cm²

Particles on Al

K.Y. Yamamoto, D.A. Cremers, L.E. Foster, M.P. Davies and R.D. Harris. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy analysis of solids using a long pulse (150 ns) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Appl. Spectrosc., 59, (2005), 1082-1097.

403.08/ 403.31/ 403.45

Surface

2.5 pg

Liq. on Al

K.Y. Yamamoto, D.A. Cremers, L.E. Foster, M.P. Davies and R.D. Harris. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy analysis of solids using a long pulse (150 ns) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Appl. Spectrosc., 59, (2005), 1082-1097.

403.08/ 403.31/ 403.45

Surface

3.5 ng/cm²

Liq. on Al

K.Y. Yamamoto, D.A. Cremers, L.E. Foster, M.P. Davies and R.D. Harris. Laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy analysis of solids using a long pulse (150 ns) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Appl. Spectrosc., 59, (2005), 1082-1097.

403.08/ 403.31/ 403.45

Surface

8.8 ng/cm²

Solution on Al

K.T. Rodolfa and D.A. Cremers. Capabilities of surface composition analysis using a long laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spark. Appl. Spectrosc., 58, (2004), 367-375.

407.8

Liquid

1 and 2 ppm

Ice/10% soil

Z.A. Arp, D.A. Cremers, R.C. Wiens, D.M. Wayne, B. Sallé and S. Maurice. Analysis of water ice and water/ice soil mixtures using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: application to Mars polar exploration. Appl. Spectrosc., 58, (2004), 897-909.

460.7