Solid

0.1 – 0.24 % /
RSD 33 – 44%

Soil

7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers & Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera, sample range ~15 cm (in-situ) & ~5.3 m (stand-off). Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti.

B. Sallé, D.A. Cremers, S. Maurice, R.C. Wiens and P. Fichet. Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
analyses of geological samples on Mars missions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  60, (2005), 805-815.

398.92 /
not applicable

Solid

3 ppm

Al

C. Gautier, P. Fichet, D. Menuta, J.-L. Lacour, D. L'Hermite and J. Dubessy. Study of the double-pulse setup with an orthogonal beam geometry for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 59, (2004), 975-986.

323.5

Solid

4 ppm

Al

C. Gautier, P. Fichet, D. Menuta, J.-L. Lacour, D. L'Hermite and J. Dubessy. Study of the double-pulse setup with an orthogonal beam geometry for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 59, (2004), 975-986.

323.5

Solid

48 ppm

Soil

V. Lazic, R. Barbini, F. Colao, R. Fantoni and A. Palucci. Self-absorption model in quantitative laser induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements on soils and sediments. Spectrochim. Acta Part B,  56, (2001),  807-820.

351.9

Solid

1-10 ppm /
RSD not reported

Aluminum

Single-shot experiments. Ar gas atmosphere at atmospheric and reduced pressures. Echelle spectrometer with ICCD, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Ti, Zn.

H.E. Bauer, F. Leis and K. Niemax. Laser induced breakdown spectrometry with an echelle spectrometer and intensified charge coupled device detection. Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 53, (1998), 1815-1825.

334.9 nm /
Al (266.04)

Solid

410 ppm,
350 ppm /
RSD not reported

Glass

Air atmosphere at 1 and 5 Torr. TEA-CO₂ laser (10.6 µm) & XeCl excimer laser (308 nm). Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Zn, Zr, Ba.

H. Kurniawan, S. Nakajima, J.E. Batubara, M. Marpaung, M. Okamoto and K. Kagawa. Laser-induced wave plasma in glass and its application to elemental analysis. Appl. Spectrosc., 49, (1995), 1067-1072.

365.3 /
not applicable

Solid

230 ppm /
2 – 25%

TiO₂  in Fe ore

Excimer laser (λ not stated). Si, Al, Ca, Ti, Mg.

K. Grant, G.L. Paul and J.A. O'Neill. Quantitative elemental analysis of iron ore by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 45, (1991), 701-705.

498.17 /
Fe (389.56)

Surface

1100 ng/cm² / RSD not reported

Solution on Al

Dried spots of different concentration solutions. Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser, Czerny-Turner spectrograph with ICCD. Create a ‘microline’ spark (via  cylindrical lens), allowing 2D analysis. Ba, Mo, Sr, Ti

K.T. Rodolfa and D.A. Cremers. Capabilities of surface composition analysis using a long laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spark. Appl. Spectrosc., 58, (2004), 367-375.

398.2  / Al (396.2)

Liquid

111 ppm and 520 ppm / RSD not reported

Ice/10% soil

Samples formed by mixing soils with deionised water and then freezing. 7 Torr CO₂ atmosphere. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Long range measurements (4 & 6.5 m), echellette spectrograph & ICCD or 0.25 m grating spectrograph with ICCD. Ba, Li, Mn, Sr, Ti.

Z.A. Arp, D.A. Cremers, R.C. Wiens, D.M. Wayne, B. Sallé and S. Maurice. Analysis of water ice and water/ice soil mixtures using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: application to Mars polar exploration. Appl. Spectrosc., 58, (2004), 897-909.

398.2 / not applicable

Liquid

0.1 ppm / RSD not reported

Liquid evaporated on graphite

Ar gas atmosphere at 76 Torr. Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb.

R.L. Van der Wal, T.M. Ticich, J.R. West and P.A. Householder. Trace metal detection by laser-induced breakdown Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 53, (1999), 1226-1236.

323.4, 334-339 / not applicable